Supremo free essay sample

One night, Boniface and other patriotic Filipinos met to establish a secret society. This is called Stagnating Gallivanting an Justinian Eng mega Knack Eng Banyan or Justinian. The purpose of the confederation is to rebel against Spain and liberate the Philippines. Boniface became the Supreme of the organization. While led by the Katie pan, Boniface met Gregorian De Jesus. Gregorian was courted her and soon they were married in the church of Bambino. They married again in accordance with the rules of the Justinian. Gregorian joined the organization was well.She cared for comments, guns and other equipment that is useful for the confederation. When the Spanish discovered the Justinian, Boniface and other colleagues left the city. They gathered at Paginated and there was determined to start the revolution. In the battle of San Juan, Boniface were withdrawn due to the strength of the opponent. But even failed their first invasion, quick turn spread the revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Supremo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Meanwhile, also shine as a leader Emilio Continual of Cavity Stationeries. Always wins the fight his army so much impressed with Continual.Here begins the conflict of Stationeries in Cavity. Split into two groups: the group Managing and Magical group. A convention held in Testers, Cavity two groups of Stationeries. As the Supreme of the Justinian, Boniface stood chaired the convention. They all agree to honor any agreed convention. They first established the Republic of the Philippines and subsequently held elections. Elected president of the republic was Continual even when he is not in the said convention. But when Boniface was elected as the Director of Interior, a Magical protest because he had lack of education.In anger, Boniface annulled the said election and immediately paved the place. In a meeting with MANIC, Andrea Boniface established a separate government. For Continual, Boniface leadership will led to great risk, he ordered to arrest him. Gondolas army went to Boniface and arrested him. Andrea and Procom were scrutinized for treason in the city in an attempt to overthrow the government. After the day of trial the siblings were proved guilty and sentenced to death. Not knowing the brothers death sentence. They secretly brought to the mountain of Tall.There, Jesus Procom Boniface separated. Boniface determined to kill them. He ran but the soldiers followed him and shot. Here ended the life of Andrea Boniface, Supreme of the Justinian. MOVIE REVIEW It was carried on with such a fantastic cinematography with a play of sepia tones and powerful musical scoring. Although there were just some scenes that needed proper lighting, to show the faces of the characters. Some were too dark while they deliver their lines. It shows us that even your fellow Filipinos can betray you, can be your worst enemies, for the sake of power and authority.Ammonias death, Benefactions wife, was too weak to start the Tory. Script couldve been more excellent with proper sequencing and editing. The last several scenes of the movie were too heavy to bear. Of course, I already knew what would happen in the story, but watching it was a very different matter. I do admit that I did cry a little during the last scene where the supreme met his end in a very harrowing manner. I consider it as one of the most beautifully shot Filipino films that I have seen. Despite its limitations in production sets, the movie could boast that each of its scenes was a scene of beauty.The director was very good in taking shots where either subtle actions or epic scenarios happened. Sadly, what could have been a very great movie had been shattered by inconsistent story-telling and lack-luster performances from some of the actors. It seemed like each scene was important, but when taken together they proved to be very limiting. The flashbacks used could have helped by adding them to clarify things and not just to add historical facts. Over all, the movie is great and I enjoy it. But El Presidents is better than this movie because of its not proper sequencing.

Evaluation Essay Sample on Segway Mobility and Its Testing

Evaluation Essay Sample on Segway Mobility and Its Testing 1.0 Introduction The Segway Human Transporter (HT) is a unique two wheel, self balancing locomotion device. It was designed to allow humans to move more quickly, cover more distance, and carry more than they could by walking. The manufacturer asserts that the Segway can go anywhere one can safely walk. The maximum speed a Segway can travel is 12.5 mph, which is about 3 times the average walking speed. The Segway Mobility Evaluation was initiated with the concept that if the Segway could provide convenience for the everyday person, perhaps it is versatile enough to enhance the tasks of military personnel. Military personnel are often presented with situations that deem the use of full sized military vehicles inconvenient or even impossible, yet it would be advantageous to have use of a device that would provide for greater versatility than walking. With its small size and its capability for speed, the Segway appears to be such a device. However, military personnel are often situated on surfaces and terrains that pose a greater challenge to maneuvering over than the average person faces. The paths can be rough, scattered with obstacles, and may include a variety of surface irregularities. Hence, it was necessary to determine if the Segway HT would still provide convenience if placed in an environment that is rougher and less predictable than the environments it was designed for. 2.0 Summary of Test Plan In order to obtain performance results that would be meaningful to the military, it was important to conform the Segway testing to a set military standard. The NATO Reference Mobility Model II (NRMMII) is a series of algorithms used by the US Army and other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries to compute the maximum velocity of a specific vehicle over a specific terrain. It is a comprehensive program that computes the maximum possible speed of the vehicle for a variety of different variables including tire pressure, tire type, ground terrain, and obstacles. The variables applicable to the Segway testing included tire type, terrain type, surface roughness, and obstacles. Other things to note are: battery life, dismounts, weather conditions, damage to Segway, and rider comfort. 2.1 Terrain Categorization The NRMMII specifies 8 different terrain types: primary road, secondary road, sand soil on trail, other soil on trail, operation in snow on trail, sand off-road, other soil off-road, and snow off-road. Given physical limitations, snow was unavailable for use at the time of testing. Additionally, the other soil on trail and other soil off-road categories were omitted because of obscurity of definition and limited terrain type in the designated test area (Seaside, SSC San Diego). Self-Imposed definitions of the terrain types allowed testing of the other four types within the limited testing area. Primary road is defined as any maintained paved road. Secondary road is defined as un-maintained paved road or maintained gravel road. Sand soil on trail is characterized as compacted sand that does not show significant ruts upon Segway crossing. Uncompacted (loose, uncompressed) sand located off trail is designated as sand off-road. 2.2 Surface Roughness The term surface roughness is used here to describe the relative quantity of surface irregularities in the terrain. In this experiment, a quantitative estimate of roughness was obtained by laying a yardstick flat on the terrain and measuring the difference in height between the yardstick and two lowest points (to the nearest Ã'Ëœ inch). This was repeated along the entire length of the test course and the values were then averaged and the standard deviation computed. The average value was then placed into one of five predetermined ranges: 0-.2, 0-.5, 0-1, 0-1.5, or 0-2, inches. For each terrain type, two or three distinct areas were found each of which fell into a different range of roughness. 2.3 Obstacles For testing purposes, an obstacle was defined as an object at a height greater than or equal to .75 inches that impedes the motion of the Segway. Obstacles encountered in nature include rocks and vegetation. Additionally, other varieties of objects may be stumbled upon on maintained roads. Since obstacles vary greatly in size, shape, and location, it would be difficult to obtain informative results by performing tests on geographical obstacles. Hence, to evaluate the Segway’s performance over obstacles, a set of model obstacles was created for testing purposes. The obstacles consisted stacking several 2 x 4 pieces of lumber and a 0.75 inch thick sheet of plywood in various combinations to attain different heights. Additional pieces were added until the Segway was no longer able clear the obstacle. 2.4 Tire Type For the initial testing, three different tires were tested. The standard Segway HT tires (the tires that come with the Segway), the Segway HT enhanced traction tires, and Dunlop D739 dirt bike tires. Since the Segway tires are tubeless, in order to use the Dunlop D739 tires, it was necessary to modify the Segway rims by drilling a hole through the plastic to accommodate a tire inner tube (size 3 x 14 inches). The Dunlop tires are mini bike tires of size 14 90/100, while the tires designed to be used with a Segway are 14 65/100. In order to install the Dunlop tires, the Segway fenders had to be removed. As a safety precaution, new fenders were fabricated using Segway e-series bag mounting brackets and slightly alternating their shape to accommodate the Dunlop tire. The onboard software of the Segway was not updated from the original configuration to accommodate the larger tires. 2.5 Experiment Set Up Before testing could begin, it was necessary to explore the testing area for assorted terrain types and roughnesses. Regions were sketched out and marked on a map of the Seaside division of SSC San Diego (appendix VI). The course length for each test varied from 30 feet to 72 feet. The boundaries were marked off with cones and two pieces of rope to facilitate timing. For the testing of the Segway over obstacles, the plywood was arranged in such a way that it wouldn’t shift during testing (see photo). The course length for obstacles was set at 92 inches (7.67 feet). 2.6 Testing Procedures The Segway was driven over the surface roughness course length three times in each direction. Time was recorded using a stop watch with accuracy of 1/100 of a second. The 6 obtained times were then averaged and an average speed computed. Similarly, for obstacle testing, the tester rode the Segway over the obstacle course 3 times in succession and time was recorded. The obstacle course consisted of a 7.67 foot long track with the obstacle in the center of the course. For obstacle testing, given that there was often be multiple attempts before passing over the obstacle, the actual distance covered varied from test to test (depending on how many runs it took to overcome the obstacle). Although â€Å"speed† is technically defined as the change in distance over the change in time, for comparative purposes and to simplify data analysis, â€Å"speed† was freely defined to be the course length (displacement) divided by the total time it takes to complete the test.

Learn What a Verb Is and See Examples in English

Learn What a Verb Is and See Examples in English A verb is the part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being. Verbs and verb phrases usually function as predicates. Verbs can display differences in tense, mood, aspect, number, person, and voice. There are two main classes of verbs:  lexical verbs  (also known as  main verbs), which arent dependent on other verbs, and  auxiliary verbs  (also called  helping verbs). As with lexical versus auxiliary verbs, many types of verbs come in opposites, as explained below. Lexical vs. Auxiliary Lexical verbs- also called  full verbs- convey the  semantic (or lexical) meaning  in a  sentence, such as: It rained last night.I  ran  fast.I  ate  the entire hamburger. The great majority of verbs in English are lexical verbs. An auxiliary verb, by contrast, determines the mood or tense of another verb in a phrase, for example: It will rain tonight. In this sentence, the verb will  helps the verb rain by pointing to the future. In English, the auxiliary verbs are: Is, am, are, was, wereBe, being, beenHas,  have,  hadDo, does, didWill, shall, should, wouldCan, couldMay, might, must Dynamic  vs.  Stative A  dynamic verb  is used primarily to indicate an action, process, or sensation as opposed to a state, such as: I bought a new guitar.   It is also called an  action or event verb. There are three major types of dynamic verbs: Accomplishment verbs: expressing action that has a logical endpointAchievement verbs: expressing action that occurs instantaneouslyActivity verbs: expressing action that can go on for an indefinite period of time A stative verb- such as  be, have, know, like, own, seem, prefer,  understand,  belong, doubt,  and hate- describes a state, situation, or condition, as in: Now I own a Gibson Explorer.We  are  what we  believe  we  are. A  stative verb  primarily describes a state or situation as opposed to an action or process. It can be a mental or emotional state as well as a physical state of being. The situations are unchanging while they last and can continue for a long or indefinite time period.  These words are also known as a  state verbs  or a  static verbs. Finite  vs.  Nonfinite A finite verb expresses tense and can occur on its own in a main  clause, as in: She walked to school. A finite verb shows  agreement  with a  subject  and is marked for  tense. If there is just one verb in a  sentence, that  verb is finite. Put another way, a finite verb  can stand by itself in a sentence.   Nonfinite verbs, meanwhile, are not marked for tense and do no show agreement with a subject. A  nonfinite verb  (an  infinitive  or  participle) doesnt show a distinction in tense and can occur on its own only in a  dependent  phrase or clause, as in: While  walking  to school, she spotted a bluejay. The main difference between finite and nonfinite verbs is that the former can act as the root of an independent clause, or full sentence, while the latter cannot.  For example: The man  runs  to the store to  get  a gallon of milk. The word runs  is a finite verb because it agrees with the subject (man) and because it marks the tense (present tense). The word  get is a nonfinite verb because it does not agree with the subject or mark the tense. Rather, it is an infinitive and depends on the main (finite) verb runs.   Regular  vs.  Irregular A regular verb forms its verb tenses, especially the  past tense  and  past participle, by adding one in the set of generally accepted standardized suffixes. Regular verbs are conjugated by adding -d, -ed, -ing, or -s to its base form, unlike irregular verbs which have special rules for conjugation. The majority of English verbs are regular. These are the principal parts of regular verbs: The  base form: the  dictionary  term for a word like walkThe -s form: used in the singular third person, present tense  like walksThe -ed form: used in the past tense and past participle  like walkedThe -ing form: used in the present participle  like walking Regular verbs are predictable and always function the same regardless of speaker. An irregular verb  does not follow the usual rules for verb forms. Verbs in English are irregular if they dont have the  conventional -ed ending (such as asked or ended) in the past tense and/or past participle forms.   Transitive  vs.  Intransitive A  transitive verb  takes an  object  (a  direct object  and sometimes also an  indirect object):   She sells seashells. An intransitive verb doesnt take a direct object: She sat there quietly. This distinction is especially tricky because many verbs have both transitive and intransitive functions, depending on how they are used. The verb  break, for instance, sometimes takes a direct object (Rihanna breaks my heart) and sometimes does not (When I hear your name, my heart breaks). Phrasal  vs.  Prepositional A  phrasal verb  is a  type of  compound  verb  made up of a  verb  (usually one of action or movement) and a  prepositional adverb- also known as an adverbial  particle. Phrasal verbs are sometimes called  two-part verbs  (take off  and  leave out) or  three-part verbs  (look up to  and  look down on). There are hundreds of phrasal verbs in English, many of them (such as  tear off, run out [of],  and  pull through) with multiple meanings. Linguist  Angela Downing points out in English Grammar: A University Course that phrasal verbs are one of the most distinctive features of  present-day informal English, both in their abundance and in their productivity. Phrasal verbs often appear in  idioms. A  prepositional verb, by contrast,  is an  idiomatic  expression that combines a  verb  and a  preposition  to make a new verb with a distinct meaning. Some examples of prepositional verbs in English  are  care  for, long for, apply for, approve of, add to, resort to, result in, count on,  and  deal with. The preposition in a prepositional verb is generally followed by a  noun  or  pronoun, and thus prepositional verbs are  transitive. Other Types of Verbs Since verbs describe all action or indicate all states of being in English, its not surprising that there are other types of verbs, which are important to know. Catenative:  A  catenative verb  can link with other verbs to form a chain or series. Examples include  ask,  keep, promise, help,  want,  and  seem. Causative:  A causative verb  is used to indicate that some person or thing makess of causative verbs  include make, cause, allow, help, have, enable, keep, hold, let, force, and require, which can also be referred to as causal verbs or simply causatives. Compound:  A  compound verb  is made up of two or more  words  that function as a single  verb. Conventionally, verb compounds are written as either one word (housesit) or two words joined with a hyphen (water-proof). Copular:  A  copular  verb is a specific type of linking verb that joins the  subject  of a  sentence  or  clause  to a subject  complement. For example, the word  is  functions as a copular verb in the sentences, Jane  is  my friend and Jane  is  friendly. Iterative:  An  iterative verb  indicates that an action is (or was) repeated, such as, Philip  was kicking  his sister. Linking:  A linking verb is a traditional term for a type of  verb  (such as a form of  be  or  seem) that joins the  subject  of a sentence to a word or phrase that  tells something about the subject. For example,  is  functions as a linking verb in the sentence: The boss  is  unhappy. Mental-state:  A  mental-state verb  is a  verb  with a  meaning  related to understanding, discovering, planning, or deciding. Mental-state verbs refer to cognitive states that are generally unavailable for outside evaluation. For example: Toms teaching ability is  known by  all his colleagues. Performative:  A  performative verb  conveys the kind of  speech act  being performed- such as  promise, invite, apologize,  predict, vow, request, warn, insist,  and  forbid. It is also known as  speech-act verb  or  performative utterance.   Prepositional:  A  prepositional verb  is an  idiomatic  expression that combines a  verb  and a  preposition  to make a new verb with a distinct meaning. Some examples  are  care for, long for, apply for, approve of, add to, resort to, result in, count on,  and  deal with. Reporting:  A  reporting verb  (such as  say, tell, believe, reply, respond,  or  ask) is used to indicate that  discourse  is being  quoted  or  paraphrased, such as:  I highly  recommend  that you get a better lawyer. It is also called a  communication verb.

Supply Chain Management (operations management)2 Assignment

Supply Chain Management (operations management)2 - Assignment Example In order to maximize revenue, an organization has to consider the net worth of a product to the customers and what the supply chain tends to accomplish is to get the exact requests of the consumers. Supply chain management is basically concerned with issues of who is involved, cost and service in addition to integration of such kind of services (Jacoby, 2010). Supply chain strategies are directly affected by other chains available within the organizations. This includes an activity that comes up with the introduction of new products to the firm. Supply chain should also be integrated with other goals of the organization like the ones which leads to maximization of profit margin thus giving a lot of returns. Supply chains needs to be designed to eliminate unnecessary uncertainty and risks at all levels of production. Some of the risks that may come in the course of production include the risks associated with machines, logistics amongst others. Organization can optimize supply chain management to improve results and remove obstacles in several ways such as the global optimization. Having a complex network, the supply chain management have so far been developed to enable integration of products from the point it comes from the supplier to the point delivery is done. A good example is whereby an organization can be able to get a supply and directly deliver it to consumer without having to actually stock it and then goes ahead to make payments through electronic money transfer. Supply chain is considered dynamic in nature. Customers’ demands and suppliers’ potentiality will always change after sometimes. This will in turn leads to evolution in supply chain relationships. For instance, when a customer potentials increases, this will impact more pressure on the supplier to increase the rate of productivity in quantity and quality. Organizations should be able to project any risk that might come in the line of production of commodities to the

Working with Federal Reserve's Publications Research Paper

Working with Federal Reserve's Publications - Research Paper Example 5). This paper is aimed at describing Federal Reserve’s views regarding various economic perspectives in recent times. These economic perspectives include current level of inflation, Federal Reserve’s assessment of the current economic activity and financial markets, and the monetary policy tools the Federal Reserve uses to stabilize the economy and maintain price stability in the country. Federal Reserve’s assessment of current economic activities and financial markets: The Federal Reserve holds a very positive view regarding the current economic activities and the current condition of the financial market of the country. The chairman of the Fed, Dr. Ben S. Bernanke, has argued that after the global financial crisis of 2007-08, the American economy is experiencing greater volume of economic activities. These activities include both greater production and consumption of goods and services across the country and also greater volume of monetary and financial transa ctions through financial intermediaries of the country. Disturbances in the financial markets of the country, including mainly the markets for houses, loans, and mortgages, have created greater problems in the country by reducing the volume of economic activities in the country. The crisis has created problems for private as well as public sector businesses, mainly for financial companies to increase their level of profits or even to stay in the business. But during the period of end of 2008 and the beginning of 2009, the US government and the Fed took various fiscal as well as monetary policies which have helped economic agents in the country to increase the volume of economic activities and to increase country’s rate of growth of aggregate and per capita income along with the level of unemployment. The most important fiscal policy that has been implemented by the US government is reducing the level of government expenditure. This has helped the country to reduce the level o f budget deficit and fiscal deficit. According to the Fed the country is experiencing greater economic activities in terms of greater production of goods and services and greater stability in the financial market of the country compared to the period of global financial crisis. This greater stability has helped the country raise the level of investment in production of goods and services and also in research and developmental improvements of existing technologies of the country. The rate of aggregate income is expected to catch up with pre-recession period’s rates within 2013 and the per capita income growth rate is expected to increase at the rate of China’s per capita income growth rate (Bernanke, 2009, p. 1). Federal Reserve’s assessment of current inflation: The level of inflation has been very high since 2007. Due to this consumers are not capable of purchasing costliest goods and services and hence business organizations which are engaged in production of these goods and services are leaving the industry. Again this is reducing the level of income in the country and hence the level of demand for necessary goods and service. The Fed is expecting inflation to be subdued in the next few years because of weaker level of real economic activities prevailing in the country. It is expecting to have a lower level of inflation rate in 2013 which might lead to an increase in the volume of economic activities in the country. The Fed is expecting that the current rate of change in overall prices is expected to fall to 1 to 2 percent from its current level of 3 percent within five years. According to the Fed the declining trend in prices of energy resources and other commodities will gradually help the economy to implement stricter monetary and fiscal policies being aimed at

Criteria for a good short story Essay Example for Free

Criteria for a good short story Essay Does The Adventure of the Speckled Band meet your criteria for a good short story?  A short story is a work of fiction shorter than a novel or novelette, and is one of the oldest forms of literature. Some of the most famous short stories are The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th Century. However, before the 1800s short stories did not get much respect, and were seen as a poor relation of the novel. At around 1835, Edgar Allen Poe became the first writer to make the short story a distinct literary form. After this the popularity of this form of literature grew in popularity due to short stories being published in magazines and journals, becoming widely available. The Adventure of the Speckled Band was written by Arthur Conan Doyle in 1892. It was published as part of a book of twelve short stories, all in the crime genre. Conan Doyle was and still is famous for his crime stories involving the great detective, Sherlock Holmes. Before taking up professional writing, Conan Doyle was a doctor. The first of the Sherlock Holmes stories was A Study in Scarlet and was published in 1887. The crime story genre was very popular in the 19th century, and many established writers wrote stories of this type. For example, Charles Dickens last, unfinished novel was The Mystery of Edwin Drood. This was a murder mystery and so shows how popular the genre had become. For any short story to be successful, especially the crime genre, the correct authorial perspective must be chosen. In The Adventure of the Speckled Band the perspective is that of Dr Watson, looking back over a previous case. I think that this is effective because the reader is able to relate to Watson, as he is following Sherlock Holmes. Watson also learns of the clues at the same times as the reader, but doesnt get an explanation. This creates tension and excitement and so the reader will read on to find out. For example, the reader knew there was a dummy bell rope, but it wasnt until Holmes explained it that we found out its actual use. If the narrative perspective had of been from Sherlock Holmes point of view, there would be no tension as he worked out the clues very quickly. We know the when Holmes saw the bell rope was a dummy, it instantly gave rise to the suspicion that the rope was there as a bridge for something passing through the hole and coming to the bed. Another option Conan Doyle could have chosen would be to have an omniscient narrator, who would know everything going on and everyones feelings. This, also, would have reduced the tension and atmosphere in the story. The plot of The Adventure of the Speckled Band is that of a typical nineteenth Century crime story. A young woman, Helen Stoner, comes to see Sherlock Holmes, after the strange circumstances surrounding her sisters death start to repeat themselves. Just before she got married, therefore getting her inheritance, she dies very mysteriously. Miss Stoner is very worried, and she is also set to be married. Holmes and Watson agree to help the young lady. However, before they set off for Stoke Moran, Dr Grimesby Roylott, Miss Stoners stepfather, pays them a visit and tries to threaten them into not going. This only encourages Holmes, who goes to the house, where he finds several clues in the bedrooms. Holmes decides to come back to the house at night and stay in Miss Stoners bedroom, to witness the strange events for himself. During the night, a snake crawls through the ventilator between Dr Roylott and Miss Stoners rooms. Holmes attacks it and it flees back, where it turns upon its owner, and kills him. As this is a short story, it should only have one main storyline, and this one does. If there was more than one then there would be little time for any development of plot at all. Conan Doyle, in The Adventure of the Speckled Band gives enough information to sustain interest, but is also very selective about what is included in it. There are some events in the story that are not directly important to the plot, but create tension and suspense. The visit of Dr Roylott to Sherlock Holmes house is included for this reason. Dr Roylott describes himself as a dangerous man to fall foul of, so Holmes wants to get to the house even more quickly, as he fears for the safety of Miss Stoner. This also increases the pace of the story, and makes it more exciting. Conan Doyle uses various things throughout the story to keep the readers interest. Dr Grimesby Roylott is an unusual man, who used to live in Calcutta. He went to prison for after he beat his native butler to death. When he returned home to England he had various ferocious quarrels, due to his violence of temper approaching to mania. Dr Roylott also kept tropical animals, which also makes him an interesting character, and his violent temper is also typical of a nineteenth Century villain. Another factor that creates interest in the story is the amazing skills of deduction possessed by Sherlock Holmes. Watson notices his quick, all-comprehensive glances when he first meets Miss Stoner. Holmes then goes on to deduce her exact journey, just from what he has seen. The reader is then anxious to see what he deduces from what Miss Stoner tells him about her circumstances.

Measuring the Cost of Living - The Impact of Technology on our Standard

Measuring the Cost of Living - The Impact of Technology on our Standard of Living Measures of the cost of living, like the retail price index (RPI), are inadequate, failing to reflect fully the impact of technological advances on our standard of living. This leads to a substantial upward bias in our estimates of inflation, perhaps as much as 1.6% a year. That is the contention of Professor William Nordhaus of Yale University. If he is right, then we may have to rewrite history: l Increases in the price of lighting services since 1830 may have been overestimated by as much as a thousandfold! l US real wage growth between 1959-95, currently measured at a very modest 10%, should be revised to a healthier 70%. l And estimated average annual rates of US productivity growth of 0.6% between 1973-95 should nearly be tripled. Nordhaus notes that consumer price indices like the RPI are some of the most important measurements generated by economists and statisticians. Ideally, they are designed to measure the cost of attaining a given level of economic well-being. In practice, statisticians take a ‘basket of goods’, which represents the consumption patterns of the ‘average consumer’, and measure how the cost of this fixed basket changes over time. This statistic is used to define ‘inflation’, and hence determines changes in a wide range of inflation-indexed state payments and benefits, as well as setting the background for pay settlements. It is also crucial for measuring the real growth of the economy, a key statistic in assessing the economic and political performance of the economy and government policies. Nordhaus argues that the current methods for measuring the cost of living are inadequate and fail to refl... ...s and output. Over the period 1959-95, the increase in real wages is currently measured at a very modest 10%: it should be revised to a healthier 70%. Estimates of productivity growth over the period 1973-95 indicate an average annual rate of 0.6%: this should nearly be tripled. ‘The fact that we may be getting such an important statistic as the RPI wrong by so much indicates that we really need to look again at the way it is calculated in the UK’, claims Professor Huw Dixon of the University of York and CEPR. ‘Since so much depends on the inflation rate measure, we need to make sure we are getting it right’. Note: ‘‘Traditional Productivity Estimates are Asleep at the Technological Switch’ by William B. Nordhaus is published in the Controversy section of the Autumn 1997 issue of the Economic Journal. Nordhaus is Professor of Economics at Yale University.

Industrial Technology

Industrial Technology, Timber Products and Furniture Study Notes Perry Tappenden Materials Terminology associated with the timber industry comes in many forms; it is used to address other workers, to give a quick response to a question or to make statements shorter and to not go into extensive detail. Examples of certain timber terminology includes; a Crook: Distortion of a piece of lumber, Header: a structural member located between the stud joint or rafter. These are a few instances of terminology as there are many more than this. Timber recovery and conversion is when timber is collected either from deposits or from land and sawn into newer sheets of wood, or burned and used for something else such as firewood, this practice is commonly sought after. When wood is converted it can also be broken down into chips and remade into sheets of ply for use thereafter. * Live Sawing: This gives the most timber from the log; it’s the most simple and cheapest way to cut the log into boards. Timber cut in this method may shrink or warp unevenly. This timber is suitable for construction work, fences and crates * Quarter sawing: The log is quartered lengthwise, resulting in wedges with a right angle ending at approximately the centre of each log. The resulting boards are called quarter sawn. * Back sawing: Takes high quality timber from faulty logs. It allows for the faulty parts to be cut around with little waste. Back sawing is used for floor and ceiling joints as there is more strength in the direction of the growth rings. Flitches and Burls are deformities on the outside of timber, it’s found on the outgrowth on a tree trunk. Flitches are slices of veneer form a tree trunk and are kept in the order of which they were sawn. * Stability is the limit to which timber can re shaped and formed. If timber is stable then it would have been seasoned and therefore maintains its shape without curling. * Seasoning is the process in which moisture is dried out from the cell walls and cell cavities of the wood. Air seasoning is a natural drying method which takes ither a few days or a few weeks in which timber is stacked in well ventilated stacks out in the open. Kiln seasoning is an artificial drying method in which timber is placed in large drying rooms in which controlled temperature and humidity circuate around the boards. * Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) affects the stability of the timber. As moisture content increases. Timber swells. If moisture content decreases, timber shrinks. Timber should ‘move’ in very minor amounts, so therefore it should be properly seasoned. Timber selection considerations refers to what to consider when selecting timbers, hardwoods and soft woods may be chosen as they both have different moisture contents and therefore different considerations must be put into place. * Plantation timbers come from artificially planted forest or plantation. Timber gained from plantation comes from fast growing trees used for lumber. * Exotic Timbers are timbers that are rare and hard to come by, the timber is a reddish brown and is prized by woodworkers, it is used in wood turnings, handles and other items, an example of an Exotic wood is Allocasuarina Torulosa or known as Forest Oak. Recycling/Reusing Timber is the process of salvaging timber products from old buildings, bridges and wharfs, the timber is then taken to a mill where all metal objects are removed and the the timber is re-sawn and sold to consumers usually as flooring, beams or decking. * ‘Green’ Timbers are wood products that have recently cut and have therefo re not had an opportunity to season by evaporation of the internal moisture. The term applies to wood such as firewood lumber. * Economical Usage/ Waste Minimisation revolves around how to control timber wastage. Scrap timber can be reused in other projects where necessary and therefore saves time and money from buying more timber for other uses. Waste minimisation is how to control timber wastage in order to save money. Waste can be controlled with a waste management plan in which 10% is added to timber to be cut to allow for an affordable amount of waste. * Environmental Issues/Pollution that concern timber production is dust, air emissions and odours and hazard materials including chemicals. Pollution can arise from these things so therefore care should be taken. Another environmental issue is deforestation. Sustainability is about how long a timber will last. Depending on what the desired project is, will reflect that will be selected. A wood such as pine is sustainable but will not last over years like hardwood will. Sustainable timber will have a higher price, but will last longer than most other timbers that are not as sustainable. * OHS Issues regarding timber selection are affected b y the type of timber that is chosen. For example if a hardwood is chosen it must be taken into consideration that it is heavy durable and therefore feet protection must be worn. Also the machinery must be used with caution as it will work harder against the timber. The right timber must also be selected for the job as certain projects require a specific timber that is suitable, if the wrong timber is used it may have an issue such as not being able to support the weight of itself. Manufactured Board are products that are engineered to precise and specific design purposes. Manufactured board is used in a variety of applications such as home constructions to industrial products. The resulting boards are very stable and offer greater structural strength than natural wood building materials. †¢ The Construction and Manufacture of manufactured board involves the same hard and soft woods used in normal construction. Scraps and other wood waste can be used to make manufactured wood also. It’s manufactured for practical uses and also for flat pack furniture because of it’s low cost. †¢ Veneers are thin sheets of timber, thinner than 3mm that are glued onto core panels to produce flat panels. Veneer is constructed with a either a rotary lathe, a slicing machine or a half-round lathe. Using different types of slicing, a different type of grain will appear. †¢ Plywood is manufactured by laminating an odd number of thin sheets of timber, or veneers. The sheets are placed with the grain running along the length of the sheet. The sheet is bonded under heat and pressure with durable, moisture resistant adhesives. When bonding the sheets, the sheets are arranged in a grain direction with the grain at right angles in the alternate layers. †¢ Particleboard is made from the thinnings and trimmings from pine plantations as well as plantation trees. The wood stock is milled in to coarse flakes which are dried and sprayed with a resin adhesive. The flakes are formed into mats with coarse flakes sandwiched between the fine flakes. A number of these mats are placed in a hot press where they are compressed. The high temperature of the press and the resin forms a strong board that is grainless, that prevents termites and borers. †¢ Fibre Boards are constructed the same way as particleboards, the difference between the two is that the particles are pulped to separate the wood fibres which interlock with each other to create the sheet’s strength. Fibreboards are available in plain sanded sheets or veneered in a range of cabinet timbers. †¢ Block manufactured boards have a limited application in the furniture industry, The main use is an alternative to thin sheets of particle board or medium density fibreboard for cupboard backs and drawer bottoms. †¢ Lamiboard are produced by bonding thin wood veneers together in a large billet. The resulting product features enhanced mechanical properties and dimensional stability.. Lamiboard is used in many products including rafters, headers, beams, joists, rim boards, studs and columns. OH&S Issues regarding manufactured boards is that some of boards may burn faster than solid timber, they require more energy for their manufacture than solid timber, the adhesives used may be toxic, cutting and working can expose workers to toxic compounds, Some of the manufactured products are more prone to heat warping when used for exterior purposes, exterior use is also not recommended becaus e the boards soak up moisture. †¢ Glues used for manufactured wood include: Urea-formaldehyde resins (most common, most cheap, and not waterproof. Phenol-formaldehyde resins (Yellow/brown, and commonly used for exterior exposure products. ) Melamine-formaldehyde resin (white, heat and water resistant, and often used in exposed surfaces in more costly designs. ) Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate or polyurethane resins (expensive, generally waterproof, and do not contain formaldehyde). Fitting and Allied Materials-Hardware and Fittings †¢ Screws are on of the most commonly used woodwork fittings, they have a single use of joing two or more pieces of wood together depending on the length of the screw. Screws come in different head types for varying areas of work, The thread on each of the screws differs for the grip on the board as well as width of the board. †¢ Nails are also a commonly used fastener in the timber industry and trades. Nails are used to join together two or more pieces of timber and have many variations. Nails also have many variations for different uses and can be inserted at different angles to strengthen joints. †¢ Nuts & Bolts are used in conjunction with one another to joint together a stack of parts. The joint piese are helf together with a combination of the threads friction, a stretch of the bolt, and compression of the parts. Nuts & Bolts vary in sizes and shapes to fit to the job necessary, nuts bolts as big as 60mm exist on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. †¢ Knockdown Fittings are items of furniture that have the ability to be taken assembled and disassembled any number of times. The furniture has also been made with many different modifications that the owner can perform themselves. These include changing the position of the shelves or even adding shelves in general. Transport and storage of this furniture is also made very easy. †¢ Hinges are devices that are secured to a side of a cabinet and attached to a door or other object to allow the door to open and close. Hinges are available in many forms and open to a 180 degree angle. The knuckle of the hinge shows when the door is closed but there are many types of hinges such as concealed hinges that prevent this. †¢ Handles are an attachment to a door that allows an operator to open and close the door. Hinges are constantly changing and are manufactured by several manufactures. Handles are made out of plastic, metal and even wood. They are a D shape and are screwed onto the door frame. †¢ Knobs are similar to handles in which they allow an operator to open and close a door, they might be favoured or disregarded over a handle. Knobs also come in variations of wood, metal and plastic. Like handles they can be used on doors or drawers. †¢ Staples are used by upholsters for fastening fabric to the wooden frames of covered furniture. Staples can be applies with a staple gun or a pneumatic tacker. Staples can also be used in the assembly of light frames and furniture components as an alternative to nailing and are applied with an air tacker. Drawer Runners are devices that are secured to the interior of a drawer and allow for a smooth operation of the drawer and will last a long life. Some draw runners do not allow the drawer to extend to it’s full depth, however, fully extending drawers have an extra telescopic extension which allows the drawer to extend for it’s full depth. †¢ Table Cl ips are used to attach solid timber tops to tables and other items of furniture, to achieve this result, a groove is cut in the inside faces of the table and the table clip, an S shaped piece, is slotted into the groove and the opposite side is screwed into the top of the table. Latches are a component that allow for two surfaces to connect that also allows for regular separation. Latches are usually used on large doors or windows. They can be made from plastic or from metal and can be secured with a padlock. Latches can also be places on the inside or the outside of a door depending on the levels of security needed. †¢ Catches are a component that is attached to a door and consists of two separate parts, a striker and retainer. Catches can join together via a ball with springs, a magnetic strip on the striker and retainer, or a roller that separates and rolls onto the other. They keep doors firmly closed, yet are still easy to open. †¢ Shelf Hangers are small shelf supports that are available for various applications. Three commonly used shelf hangers are plug in which simply plug into a drilled hole and are made from plastic. Sleeve mounted which is slim mount that fits into a metal sleeve that is first inserted into the hole. Strip mounted supports fit into holes or slots in plastic or aluminium strips which are knocked into grooves that are cut into the wood side piece. Additional Materials Applied to Timber Based Products Glass as a material can be used in conjunction with timber products. A glass door can be added to a cabinet or a glass centre piece can be applied to a door frame on a small or large cabinet. Glass overall gives a more modern look and prevents dust from getting on the shelves. †¢ Metal is used in conjunction with timber in many ways, handles and knobs can be made from a metal and add a nice overall look to the project. Fas teners are also made from metal. Corner covers can also be applied to timber projects such a chest of drawers or any other box. These add a vintage or modern look. †¢ Polymers can also collaborate with woodwork, these can be used similarly to metal materials such as handles and fasteners. Also, like glass, a plastic sheet can be used to insert into a door frame. †¢ Upholstery Materials that can be used in conjunction with timber products is fabric sheets, which can be stapled on to cover a certain section. If upholstery is used, It must be fitted properly. Adhesives †¢ PVA or polyvinyl acetate is a white, ready to use, glue. It is not waterproof but will resist bacteria. It has good gap filling qualities, is on stainable, and non flammable. PVA is the most commonly used adhesive in woodworking burt won’t bond a non-porous material surface such as metal to wood. †¢ Epoxy Resin is a two part glue consisting of resin and a hardener or catalyst. They allow assembly time at up to an hour at approximately 20 degrees. It is very fast-setting and contact with the skin should be heavily avoi ded. It will attach non-porous to porous materials at anytime. †¢ Hot Glue is an adhesive that will glue two surfaces together. The glue is squeezed from a glue gun that heats and melts a stick of glue. The glue itself will bond together porous materials only as solid objects such as metal or glass will not grip the glue when it hardens. †¢ Urea-Formaldehyde are thermo setting adhesives which are hardened by the addition of a catalyst. The adhesive is widely used in the industry. It takes 2-24 hours to set at room temperature. The glue cannot be softened by heat one it sets. Ventilation or respiratory equipment should be used with this adhesive and contact with the skin should be avoided. †¢ Resorcinol glue is an adhesive that has high strength in both dry and wet conditions. It is also resistant to high temperatures. It’s main use is to glue timber that requires immediate repair straight away. The glue withstands tropical and sub-zero temperatures as well as salt and fresh water. †¢ Contact Glue is a synthetic rubber based adhesive, It is mostly used to bond plastic laminate to manufactured boards. Adhesive is applied with a spreader which becomes dry in about 10-20 minutes. The two sheets are brought together resulting in an immediate bond. No cramping is necessary, rather rubbing and smoothing with a block of wood. The adhesive is flammable, highly toxic and gives of pungent fumes. Processes, Tools and Machinery Planning †¢ Sketches are used to help develop ideas, communicate design ideas to others such as the client, factory manager or workshop supervisor. They also help to work out sizes and proportions. Many sketching techniques ar ecarried out in order to communicate through the sketch. †¢ Workshop Drawings are usually of the multi-view type, prepared accurately to scale. Drawing standards are intended to provide consistency in presentation. If a furniture designer prepares a drawing then it should be able to read by all people that follow the same presentation requirements. Material Lists require linear measurements and basic calculations. Timber is sold in metres so therefore all measurements must be counted for and there should be waste allowance which equals to an extra 10% on the final measurement. A materials list should include size of the section, species of timber, type of finish, number of pieces and the lengths required. †¢ Calcula tions that are included in woodwork require addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. This is necessary when setting out details and working out quantities and costs. Calculations are applies to the area, surface area, and waste allowances using formulas and equations. †¢ Costing is a major factor in measurements of timber. For costing it must be made certain that all materials needed for the project are listed and also to keep the unit of measurement consistent, this will prevent confusion from the timber seller and fellow furnishers. Preparation of Timber †¢ Dressing timber involves making the timber flat, straight and square, so that it’s ready for a project. Dressing can be done with a professional machine or it can be done manually using hand held power tools. Dressing timber by yourself ensures that even though timber may have warps or twists they can be compensated for and attended to straight away. †¢ Thicknessing involves using a thicknesser machine to narrow down timber to a desired thickness. The process is by setting the machine to a desired thickness and inserting the wood into the opening where it will be cut down to a thickness that is required. The result will not happen immediately as it will take a while to narrow down the timber. †¢ Face sides of timber need to be well sanded and at the correct measurement. Due to the face side facing outwards on the project, it is important that it is well sanded, and planed to a correct standard so the project does not look out of shape. †¢ Edges on timber must be square on all sides of timber. This must be checked with a square and must be fixed if the timber is not properly edged. When creating joints, all edges have to be square as a defective edge can throw the whole prohect out of proportion. Manufacturing Individual Components as a Part of a Project †¢ Legs Widening Joints †¢ Dowelled Butt Joints is a simple method of widening to form a solid timber top. Dowels are positioned at 150-200mm intervals along the length of the boards. The direction of the growth rings shouldbe alternated for when wide boards are joined. Care should be taken because when one of the boards has movement it will react onto the next board. †¢ Tongue and Groove joints are widely used for re-entrant angles. The effect of wood shrinkage is concealed. Each piece has a slot cut all along one edge, and a thin, deep ridge on the opposite edge. The joinging method has been rendered obsolete with the introduction of plywood. The method however is still used in higher-quality flooring. Rebate housing joints is similar to a butt joint , except it has a second contact surface. The second contact surface allows for another set of nails to be hammered into the joint to make for a stronger joint overall. †¢ Groove and Feather is similar to the tongue and groove joint, however, in the opening a wood feather strip is inserted. This allows for an alternative to the to ngue and groove joint. †¢ Biscuit joints are a quick and easy way to reinforce butt and mitre joints. The oval shaped biscuits fit into place from a hole made by a biscuit joiner. Biscuit joints can basically be used wherever dowel or mortice and tenon joints can be used. This includes framing, widening, and leg and rail construction. Framing Joints †¢ Mitre joints involve cutting the flat side of timber at a 90 degree angle. The joint is usually used for the corners of picture frames and decorative furniture mouldings. The angles are cut with a mitre saw. The joints can be joined with dowel, biscuits or can be joined via mitre halving joints. †¢ Halving Joints have half the thickness or width of the material removed from each part, so that when the opposing sides are joined they will be flush with one another. Corning halving is used for frames. The halving joints themselves can be reinforced with nails and/or glue. †¢ Dowelled are commonly used in frame construction as well as leg and rail construction. Dowels are glued into one piece and the joint is assembled with glue applied to the contact surfaces and the other dowel holes. †¢ Box Pin is also known as a Finger Joint and involves cutting a set of complementary cuts in two pieces of wood, which are then glued. It is stronger than a butt or lap joint and will often form the general overall look of the piece. Mortise and Tenon joints are probably the most common joints used in framing timber joinery and traditional furniture. They have several variations which allow furniture designers to combine creative design with sound construction. The joints themselves can be strengthened with wedges, nails and glue. †¢ Bridle Joints have a third of the thickness of the material removed from the centre of the one part of the joint an d from the outsides of the other part. Carcase Joints †¢ Rebate joint is a recess or groove cut into the edge of a piece of timber. Rebate joints. Rebate joints are stronger than the usual butt joints because they have two contact surfaces which allows for two nails to be inserted if necessary. †¢ Scribed joinery is the technique of shaping the end of a moulding or frame to fit the contours of an abutting member. It is commonly used in skirting and other moulding in a room. Coping is only used for internal corners. All other external corners will be mitred. †¢ Dovetail joints are tapered so that the joint can come out in one direction only. Dovetails cut on one part of the joint fit into sockets cut on the other part. The shapes left between the sockets are called pins. Hand cut dovetails are always larger than the pins, machine cut dovetails and pins are the same size, except for the smaller outer pins. †¢ Housing joints provide more strength than butt joints and are commonly used where load bearings is an important design factor. Housing joints are used in framing, they come in variations such as through housing, stopped housing, and rebate housing. Construction Techniques †¢ Sawing is the most commonly used technique to cut wood into the shapes and sizes as desired. Sawing can be performed with several cutting devices. The handheld saw, a drop saw, a band saw and a table saw to only mention a few. Sawing can be dangerous if safe and correct procedures are not carried during operation. †¢ Drilling is also one of the most commonly used techniques in furnishing. It involves a drill bit, powered by a drill to create a hole in the timber to allow a screw, a dowel, or a bolt to enter the hole for many purposes. The drill bits vary in size and length and this will affect the depth and size of the hole. †¢ Edge Treatments for timber include smoothing out the edges with a plane or using sandpaper with a sanding block. Effects can also be applied to an edge using a router and a router bit that looks good on the project. Other treatments include using a router to make a housing joint. †¢ Nailing and Screwing techniques include collaborations with joints such as mortise and tenon joints to strengthen these. Nails are applied with a hammer or a nail gun and screws are inserted with a power tool or handheld screwdriver. †¢ Sanding is a technique that involves a grainy paper, that slowly scratches away at the wood grains and creates a smooth finish. Sandpaper is sanded on using a cork sanding block. Varying grains on the paper, make the difference between how much of the grain you want to remove and how smooth the timber will come out. †¢ Scraping is an old technique that allows for an extremely fine finish on timber. Scrapers work best on highly figured woods. A difference between sandpaper and a scraper is that sandpaper can suppress the 3 dimensional look of the wood, but scrapers can restore this. Other Construction Techniques †¢ Turning involves a rectangular prism shaped piece of timber that is spun on a lathe and chisels are applied to the surface which cuts away, eventually creating a cylindrical shaped piece. Turning is an effective way of creating posts, or details to an overall project. †¢ Carving is a practice that is applied to the surface of timber where a shape, pattern or any other design is chiseled and carved into the timber using various tools. The practice, when done by hand is very difficult as accuracy and precision is at stake and could ruin the entire surface. Professional machines are available which use precise accuracy to cut out the shapes. †¢ Inlaying involves a shape, usually made from veneer being inserted into a depression that is the same shape as the veneer or contrasting coloured timber. Inlaying can be done by hand but like carving, is a very hard practice. It should be done with an accurate machine. †¢ Marquetry is similar to inlaying except it is made up of more pieces and is much harder process. The results that come from marquetry is decorative patterns, designs and pictures. Thin veneer is also used for this method as it is also easy to sand and shape. †¢ Veneering is an old art of having thin sheets of veneer board covering the outside of timber sides and creating a nice look that appears like it’s a full piece of timber. Veneer boards are stuck to plywood boards to create a nice finish from the outside. †¢ Parquetry is a similar method to Marquetry except it form simple geometric shapes, forming tiled patterns that would cover the floor. Aside from veneer, other timbers can be used such as oak, walnut, cherry, can be enployed. Even expensive timber such as mahogany can be used. †¢ Laminating is a technique that uses a multi synthetic that is fused in a lamination process. Laminating simulates timber with a photographic applique under a clear plastic layer. Laminated flooring is most commonly used as this is cheap, more durable than carpet and looks like the floor is made from proper timer. †¢ Bending is a technique that is applied to that is applied to sheets of timber when a bend is necessary, this could be for a ramp or any other similar device. T bend sheets, the boards are steamed and the pores in the timber become soft and allow for it to bent into a curved shape. †¢ Routing is a process for creating a recess into pieces of timber to allow for a housing joint or any other timber to be inserted to create a strong joint. Routing can also be applied to the edges of timber for corner work that involves joints. Construction Techniques Using Manufactured Boards †¢ Economical Sheet Layout is the process of choosing manufactured boards that have minimal surface defects. Its best to choose the most economical sheets when they are all laid out. Using proper veneer and pine combinations also help with the outcomes of plywood economics. †¢ Cutting Sheet Material can be carried out in a number of ways. Manufactured sheets can be cut out using a table saw or a circular saw. A saw guide helps with a circular saw. Cutting sheet material is an easy process but still must be carried out responsibly and properly. †¢ Handling Sheet Material should be like handling most other timber in the industry. It should be held close to the body where it is safe and won’t be dropped. If assistance is required for lifting heavy or rigid sheet materials then help should be requested immediately. †¢ Assembly of Components should be carried out with proper joints and with proper components for assembly. Components used for manufactured boards include screws and nails and glue, these are usually joined with butt joints. Assembly of Components †¢ Test, Fit and Check Joints is a process that must be carried out before proper gluing of a project. The joints should all be joined without glue to be tested if they fit. All joints should then be checked with a square at the corners. If it is not accurate, then some chiseling or filling should be carried out. †¢ Dry Cramp is a technique that should be carried out before gluing. The frame or project should be fitted into the cramp so that when the glue is applied it can quickly be placed into the cramp without a messy job. Use of Cramps is a sometimes difficult procedure but can be made easy when all steps are followed. The cramp should be dry tested as described above and then glued and tightened. When tightening cramps, they should be tightened evenly. Parallel clamp should be placed in the middle to counteract the outer clamps making the board bend upwards. †¢ Testing for Square and Flatness should be carried out using a square on the corne rs. If the joints are not square, then the cramps should be loosened and the frame or project be readjusted. To check the flatness should be done with the side of a ruler or with a flat piece of timber. Its best to check the flatness to avoid the frame or timber going in wind. Finishing †¢ Preparation for staining involves the process of setting up the timber with a work table and brush and brushing on the stain to the timber in all the desired areas where necessary. †¢ Staining gives the wood a more professional look and makes the wood look more expensive. †¢ Filling fills in the pores of the timber of open grained or textured timber to provide a smoother surface to build up the finishing material. Oils consist of oil-soluble dyes dissolved in oils such as turpentine. Finishes can range in appearance from a deep, shiny glass-like look to a dull surface which reflects very little light. †¢ Shellac is used for traditional French polishing, It’s a natural resin that is applied with a polishing pad and gradually builds up the body of coating. †¢ Nitro-Cellulose Lacquer is a spray on finish that needs to be thinned down and dries in a few minutes. †¢ Environmental Issues that concern polishing are the fumes that the finishes give off, while not entirely harmful to the human body, these do inhabit the air and could affect the surrounding environment. Ii would also require a lot of energy to make the finishes also. †¢ Industrial Processes that are associated with finishing is the proper use of PPE, this would include gloves, and possibly a face mask, depending on the users intake of the fumes from the finish. It would also be necessary to work in a well ventilated room to ensure that the fumes to not fill up and enclosed room. Other processes include leaving the timber a good amount of time to dry before another coat is added and to follow all instructions on the finishes container such as application and preparation.

Land Subsidence in Bangkok, Thailand

Land Subsidence in Bangkok, Thailand Specific Purpose: To carry my audience to hold that we must halt the remission in Bangkok by cut downing over-exploitation of groundwater, increasing the usage of surface H2O, and sing resettlement of the capital metropolis Thesis: In order to maintain our capital metropolis safe, we must understand the jobs and causes of the land remission, and take action to halt the remission. Organizational Form: Problem-cause-solutionIntroductionAttention GetterIf you have been experiencing a spot lower late, it is non merely your imaginativeness. In fact, Bangkok has been droping. Around 20 per centum of Bangkok had already sunk by about a metre over the past 30 old ages, said Srisuk ( 2006 ) , manager of the Groundwater Research Centre.Reason to listenThis is what is go oning in Bang Khun Thian territory of Bangkok. Panya Changcharoen ( 2008 ) from this territory said, â€Å"I’m non certain how long my household and I can populate here. We urgently need aid before we lose the whole territory to the sea.† The people in this territory lost their places, lands, and occupations as some countries submerged. If we do non halt the land remission in Bangkok, non merely Bang Khun Thian, but the whole metropolis will fall below sea degree.Credibility StatementA professor from Chulalongkorn University said that Bangkok is droping at twice the rate it was a decennary ago ( Trisirisattayawong, 2009 ) .A Dutch expert who has studied the state of affairs said, â€Å"In few decennaries, Bangkok may non be habitable† ( Haberman, 1983 ) .â€Å"More than 5 0 per centum of the sinking has been caused by the tapping of groundwater by industry, † said Dr. Sanitwong ( 2013 ) , manager of the Gio-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency.Preview of Main PointsFirst, I will exemplify the dangers of the land remission in Bangkok.Second, I will discourse why this catastrophe is go oning to us.Finally, I will propose how we can get the better of this job.BodyThe jobBangkok, the capital metropolis of our state, is quickly droping.Even worse, the gait of land remission has been quickened ( Trisirisattayawong, 2009 ) .If this tendency continues, most of our capital metropolis will be in danger of falling below sea degree by century ‘s terminal ( Haberman, 1983 ) .Urban countries like Bangkok are vulnerable to set down remission, which is frequently destructive.Land remission can damage our substructures ( Tularam & A ; Krishna, 2009 ) . It can destruct our Rama bridges, our BTS, our MRT, our main roads, our railwaies, and ou r electric power lines.Land remission besides amendss underground pipes, increasing H2O depletion. This can make a vacuity in the aquifer, which could do a prostration of land ( Hasan, 2006 ) .Land remission can do monolithic inundations like 2011 because it increases inundation hazard ( Tularam & A ; Krishna, 2009 ) .Passage:In order to halt the land remission of our capital metropolis, we must foremost cognize what caused this catastrophe.CausesOur capital metropolis is droping chiefly because of inordinate groundwater pumping.The land remission rate is around 3 centimeter a twelvemonth in some topographic points in Bangkok due to over-extraction of groundwater ( Shaw, Srinivas, & A ; Sharma, 2009 )As we pump groundwater, the H2O that bears the dirt above is bit by bit removed, impacting the geologic construction. Hence, the land begins to lessen ( Tularam & A ; Krishna, 2009 ) .There is no appropriate pricing policy in pull outing groundwater beyond sustainable output degrees, an d hence there is over-exploitation of groundwater ( Suwal, n.d. ) . In Thailand, none of national bureaus is responsible for coordination groundwater resources ( Foster, 2008 ) .Overloading on the Soft Bangkok ClayBecause the soft Bangkok Clay is about 70 per centum saturated, it is really soft, weak, and compressible ( Bhattacharya, 2013 ) .The land remission in Bangkok has occurred because constructions were built without sing the bearing capacity of the soft Bangkok Clay.The weight of the land surface rises due to building of heavy edifices, ensuing in the compression of the clay bed ( Bhattacharya, 2013 ) .Passage:We now know that over-exploitation of groundwater and overloading on the soft clay have caused the land remission in our capital. Then now, we must larn to work out the jobs.SolutionWe need to cut down the rate of groundwater pumping.Groundwater in Thailand costs merely approximately 10 ticals per one three-dimensional metre ( Department of Groundwater Resources, n.d. ) .Higher monetary values for groundwater are necessary ( Bangkok State of the Environment, 2001 ) .We besides need to utilize groundwater and surface H2O conjunctively, or utilize more surface H2O if possible.Surface H2O intervention workss have a larger capacity. They are a batch more efficient in providing H2O to urban countries ( Mahmud, 2009 ) .Surface H2O intervention workss are located around the beginnings of surface H2O such as nearby rivers ( Mahmud, 2009 ) .If none of the solutions plants, we should in conclusion see relocating the capital metropolis as the last option.Some Thai environmental experts believe that traveling the whole capital metropolis to a higher land, for case one of the 16 northeasterly states, is the lone solution ( Kurlantzick, 2011 ) .Resettlement of the capital metropolis is dearly-won and time-consuming, but the safety of the new capital will convey benefit in the long-run ( â€Å"Capitals should, † 2012 ) .Decision: Think of your place. You grew up at that place, you have spent most of your clip at that place, you feel the safest at that place. However, will your sweet place be still there when you are at your 50? If the land remission in Bangkok can non be stopped, no 1 can guarantee that your house will be safe when you are old. Even though land remission has been a serious menace to our capital metropolis, our authorities has ignored this grave danger. We merely have few decennaries to undertake this job. Now is clip. We must maintain our eyes unfastened. We must press the authorities. We must salvage our places. Mentions Bangkok State of the Environment. ( 2001 ) . 5 Land remission.Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rrcap.ait.asia/pub/soe/bangkok_land.pdf Bhattacharya, K. A. ( 2013 ) . An analysis of land remission in Bangkok and Kolkata due to over-extraction of groundwater.EJGE.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ejge.com/2013/Ppr2013.163alr.pdf Capitals should be moved to Northeast, top scientist says. ( 2012, Feb 5 ) .The State.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Capital-should-be-moved-to-Northeast-top-scientist-30175186.html Department of Groundwater Resources. ( n.d. ) . retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dgr.go.th/en/organize.htm Faculty of Geosciences at Utrecht University. ( 2010 ) . Rising sea degrees attributed to planetary groundwater extraction.Utrecht University.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uu.nl/EN/Current/Pages/Wereldwijdonttrekkenvangrondwaterleidttotzeespiegelstijging.aspx Foster, S. ( 2008 ) . Siam: Strengthening capacity in groundwater resources direction.The World Bank.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.un-igrac.org/dynamics/modules/SFIL0100/view.php? fil_Id=178 Haberman, C. ( 1983 ) . Crowded Bangkok is droping under weight of its ain growing.The New York Times.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/1983/05/01/world/crowded-bangkok-is-sinking-under-weight-of-its-own-growth.html Hasan, F. K. ( 2006 ) . Water direction in Dhaka.International Journal of Water Resource Development, vol. 22 Kurlantzick, J. ( 2011 ) . Time to travel Bangkok? .Council on Foreign Relations.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //blogs.cfr.org/asia/2011/11/09/time-to-move-bangkok/ Mahmud, A. ( 2009 ) . Impact of urbanisation on land H2O.Research Project of Social Science 2008-9.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.academia.edu/8072864/ Impact-of-Urbanization-on-Ground-Water Sanitwong, A. ( 2013 ) . Thailand needs to move as Bangkok sinks faster.Deutsche Welle.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dw.de/thailand-needs-to-act-as-bangkok-sinks-faster/a-16739739 Shaw, R. , Srinivas, H. , & A ; Sharma, A. ( 2009 ) .Urban hazard decrease: An Asiatic position.Wagon Lane, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Srisuk, K. ( 2006 ) . Excessive groundwater usage â€Å"sinking Bangkok† .Department of Environmental Quality Promotion.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.deqp.go.th/index.php? option=com_content & A ; view=article & A ; id=14538:2006-02-17 & amp ; catid=7:2010-02-04-06-14-10 & A ; Itemid=43 & A ; lang=th Suwal, S. ( n.d. ) . Water in crisis – Thailand.The Water Project.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //thewaterproject.org/water-in-crisis-thailand Thai National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. ( 2002 ) . General Information about Thailand.International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage.Retrieved from http www.icid.org/v_thailand.pdf Trisirisattayawong, I. ( 2009 ) . PS-inSAR measuring of land remission in Bangkok metropolitan country.Chulalongkorn University.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sv.eng.chula.ac.th/attachments/article/84/ACRS2009_InSAR_GEO2TECDI.pdf Tularam, G. A. , Krishna, M. ( 2009 ) . Long term effects of groundwater pumping in Australia: A reappraisal of impacts around the Earth.Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation,4( 2 ) , 151-166. Warr, P. ( 2005 ) . Thailand beyond the crisis. Routledge Curzon, New York: New york Water Environmental Partnership in Asia. State of H2O environmental issues: Thailand. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wepa-db.net/policies/state/thailand/thailand.htm

Grants and Artist-in-Residences are Awesome Opportunities

Grants and Artist-in-Residences are Awesome Opportunities Philanthropy is on the rise. Grants are plentiful, offering funding for publishing, research, workshops, writing, travel, individual/community projects, seminars and more. Grants often require an extensive application process. When applying, youll need a finely-honed mission and letters of recommendation from respected peers. When awarded a grant, youll be required to submit a final report detailing how you spent the funds. Sometimes a sample donation of your work will be requested. Grants are not simply free money. They involve many hours of work, but it is time well-spent. Grants have themes. Grant providers offer grants for specific purposes. Make sure that your project is a good match with the grantors parameters before you begin the application process. Some grants offer funding within specific geographic boundaries; is your geographical location a match? Clearly articulate how you will use the grant money. Include a detailed budget. And explain how this project matches the grants mission. Demonstrate that your requests match the funding guidelines. Explain how this grant will serve your professional career, help others (now and in the future) and expand the grantors mission. Â  If you can communicate these three components, youll be a strong candidate. You need to create a verifiable connection between their goals and your dreams. Grants are about you, the grant funder and the impact the project will have on others. Ive received grants to attend writers conferences because improved writing skills helped at work. Once I applied for and received a little-known $4,000 governors grant for teaching excellence to complete graduate level writing courses. The local state educators association awarded me two $10,000 grants to produce a book with a companion CD about Native American music. The Quaker Lyman Fund funded two grants totaling $5,000 to produce a CD and to support writing and teaching about the importance of spiritual connections in retirement communities. A local bank offered a grant for a writing project for children. The Alex Tanous Foundation funded two summer projects to assist with projects which brought women to my home for 10-week classes. The Puffin Foundation offers grants to save something endangered. My grant project proposal was about saving authentic Native American music, which is also endangered. Two grants, assisting me in completing two music books, arrived. Grant funds can ma ke such a positive impact in bringing creative projects to completion! Artist-in-Residencies (AIRs) have also been welcome gifts during the past 10 years. When I accepted AIR positions at Sleeping Bear Dunes (MI), Acadia (ME), Crater Lake (OR) and Great North Cascades (WA) U.S. National Parks, it became obvious that those without an artistic bent were a bit confused about what I would be doing. Writing and offering one public presentation about my work, was my response. Is that all? some questioned. Yes, that was all. What gifts of time and inspiration! A month of time to create is a present that is difficult to describe. In preparation to apply, one needs to have a vision-a project plan. Make sure your calendar is clear, craft an AIR project on paper, gather references and complete the application. Each park offers a unique experience: Sleeping Bear Dunes reflects Native American legends of the Great Lakes, Acadias rockbound coast/islands strengthen the soul, Great North Cascades offers majestic mountains, wild rivers, mammoth trees and Crater Lakes mystical quality is magnetic! My fifth AIR on Marthas Vineyard at Turkeyland Cove for 17 days of solitude in a magnificent island house resulted in several publications. Hundreds of such opportunities are available all over the world. (Visit www.cafe.org .) Im a writer with a passion to bring written projects to completion. Letters are my tools and words are my medium. Inspirational opportunities abound, but one has to search for a good match and write a convincing pitch. Grants offer money and AIR programs offer inspirational opportunities to connect with beauty and serenity. These gifts will continue to enrich your work for many years.

Argument Supporting Gay Marriage Essay -- Homosexual Gay Lesbian Right

Lindsey and Beth, a lesbian couple, have been living together for eleven years. Lindsey conceived two children from a sperm donor. Together, Lindsey and Beth turned their house into a loving home for their two children. One day, on the way home from the grocery store, Lindsey was killed in a tragic car accident. Before Beth could even grasp the situation, the children that she helped raise from birth had been taken away and placed into the care of Lindsey's parents, who never were a part of their lives because they did not accept Lindsey's homosexuality. In addition, the house that Beth and Lindsey lived in for eleven years was taken away from Beth. How did this happen to Beth? Well, if Lindsey and Beth could have been legally married like all heterosexual couples, Beth would have had custody of the children and would have kept the house. They would have received 1,049 protections, benefits and responsibilities that are extended to married couples under federal law (HRC). Lindsey and Beth are one example of same sex couples that live in 99.3 percent of all counties in the United States (HRC). It is estimated that 10 percent or 25 million people in the United States are homosexuals, and by law they do not have the rights that married heterosexuals enjoy. American voters have the power to change the law and prevent the sad story that Beth had to live, by voting "yes" on referendums in support of gay marriage, and "no" on bans of gay marriage. The opening scenario of Lindsey and Beth is a dilemma that is becoming more of a real situation each day. The fact is that people are forming unions regardless of the law. In all fairness, the people involved in these relationships should have the same legal rights as all other American discriminating against gay marriage. But by voting "yes" on referendums in support of gay marriage, and "no" on bans of gay marriage, our society can become one step closer to creating a more fair and just society that supports diversity and accepts people with a different life-style. Works Cited Human Rights Campaign (HRC). 26 Nov 2006. . Moats, David. Civil Wars a Battle for Gay Marriage. New York: Harcourt, Inc., 2004. Rauch, Jonathan. Gay Marriage. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2004. Robertson, Donald L. Dr. "Homosexuality and Genetics." 26 Nov 2006. . "U.S. Census Figures Continue To Show National Trend." Human Rights Campaign. 27 June 2006. 26 Nov 2006. eleases/20011/U_S_Census_Figures_Continue_To_Show_National_Trend.htm.

Critical appraisal of company's CSR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Critical appraisal of company's CSR - Essay Example Currently, there are over 7000 stores worldwide and employs more than 2.1 people, commonly referred to as associates according to Sam’s policy. The company also has thousands of departmental and discount stores all over the world. The headquarters of Wal-Mart Stores is in Bentonville, Arkansas. The company topped the list of Fortune Global 500 as one of the largest public companies based on revenue. The company publishes a report dubbed the Global Responsibility Report to keep the public informed. The report covers People, profit, and the planet. It informs the general public and customers the progress on various projects as well the earnings made annually. The report all emphasizes on equality and gender diversity in its associates. The company also has an advisory board on Gender Equality and Diversity, who role is to ensure equality and proper gender representation in the gender roles. This has seen an increase in the number of female leaders in the top leader from 23 873 in 2005 to 25,246 in 2010 (Wal-Mart Stores, 2013). As one, the multinational companies, Wal-Mart has adopted corporate social responsibility as one of its core business strategies. The store invests billions of dollars annually in a variety of projects to ensure its customers maintain confidence in the multinational company. From ethical sourcing, hunger relief, school nutrition programs, police and military family support, anti-malaria initiatives and small farmer market access, Wal-Mart stores CSR strategy is all round (Wal-Mart Stores, 2013). The firm engages in ethical sourcing of its associates. Previously, the firm had a court battle for employing underage kids in Bangladesh. As a result, the firm was in the spotlight for the wrong reasons. The firm has taken measures to overcome this negative perception by engaging in ethical sourcing of its employees. There is screening of employees when being hired in addition to practicing gender